Mesothelioma Cancer Diagnosed: Dealing With Emotions

People deal with and react to having cancer in different ways. There really isn’t a right or wrong way to behave or feel regarding this disease and it is easily forgotten that partners, family and friends will need support as well.

Initial response, not only from the patient, is often disbelief…”There must be a mistake! The test results must be wrong!”, followed by questions on cures, care and ‘anything that you can do for me’ issues. Shock sets in.

Naturally the patient will be afraid and unsure about his future. Though they may not show these reactions outwardly, they almost certainly will be thinking about them. Don’t assume that just because they appear ‘brave’ on the outside that they are ‘taking it well’.

Some patients will find it easier to talk with family and friends about their future than others do. Doing this may help the patient themselves come to terms with the diagnosis. Conversely, there are those that find it difficult to talk about it to anyone. It that is the case then let them be. The patient has the right to be firm on the issue, in the short term anyway.

On the other side of the coin, friends and relatives may appear to be denying the diagnosis, changing the subject and playing down the patient’s worries and anxiety during conversations. Perhaps its a coping mechanism for some people. Nevertheless, the patient should confront them about these responses; they may be hurtful and it isn’t going to help the patient if he/she wishes to discuss the matter.

Anger will almost certainly show itself in one way or another. Often anger is aimed at those closest to the patient and the medical staff treating them. Patients shold not feel guilty about being angry and irritable. It is aimed at the illness and not others. It might be difficult, but the patient could explain this to them, or show them relevant leaflets.

If the patient believes that your mesothelioma was caused by an employer and exposure to asbestos, they may feel resentment towards them. They could contact and or join a group that has been set up to deal with such issues. The patient may feel some relief through this strategy and there may even be some legal claim to be instigated.

Some patients may want to be left alone for a period to ’sort themselves out’ but friends and relatives may find this a difficult period as they naturally want to help. The patient could reassure them that they will discuss the issues when they are ready.

Strong emotions are to be expected and dealt with. For both patient, friends and relatives.

(c) Paul Curran, CEO of Cuzcom Internet Publishing Group and webmaster at Information on Mesothelioma [http://www.information-on-mesothelioma.com], providing information about mesothelioma [http://www.information-on-mesothelioma.com/about/index.html] and mesothelioma news [http://www.information-on-mesothelioma.com/news7.html].

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The Three Variations of Mesothelioma

Mesothelioma is a devastating form of cancer caused by long term exposure to asbestos. While workers of various industries are at the greatest risk of developing the disease due to the time they spend near asbestos filled products and buildings, the disease can affect anyone at anytime in their life.

Mesothelioma develops in the membrane, known as the mesothelium, that covers most of the body’s vital organs. There are three different forms of the cancer, named for the various organs that they directly affect:

- Pleural mesothelioma

- Pericardial mesothelioma

- Peritoneal mesothelioma.

Pleural Mesothelioma

This type of the deadly disease affects the lining of the chest cavity and lungs. As the cancer develops, fluids may build up between the lining of the lungs and chest cavity, causing pain and shortness of breath.

The most common form of mesothelioma, pleural mesothelioma is caused by the inhalation or ingestion of asbestos fibers. Over time these fibers enter the body’s tissue, spreading the disease throughout the body’s membranes. Unfortunately, like many other forms of cancer, mesothelioma is not easily diagnosed until 10 to 50 years of the initial exposure.

Peritoneal Mesothelioma

This form of mesothelioma affects the abdominal area and is developed in the same manner as the pleural version of the disease. Again, the symptoms of this form of cancer are not usually detected until several decades after the initial exposure. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, weight loss, fever, and anemia.

Pericardial Mesothelioma

Although this form of cancer is rare, it shares many characteristics with the pleural and peritoneal forms of the disease. Pericardial mesothelioma affects the area of the heart and is the result of asbestos exposure. Symptoms may include chest pain, constant cough, shortness of breath, and even palpitations.

A Lawyer Can Help

If you have developed mesothelioma due to exposure to asbestos, the person or company responsible for the dangerous source of asbestos may be held legally responsible for your pain and suffering. Contact an attorney immediately to learn more about your legal options.

During your first meeting with your attorney be sure to bring:

- Your medical records

- Possible areas of exposure

- Work history

- Social security records

A skilled mesothelioma lawyer will be able to assist you through every step of the legal process. If someone else’s negligence has resulted in your injury, why wait? Contact a mesothelioma lawyer [http://mesolawsuit.com/mesothelioma_warning_signs.aspx] today for more information about your legal rights.

Joseph Devine

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Anti-Angiogenic Therapy – A New Approach To Mesothelioma

Introduction – What is Mesothelioma?

Mesothelioma, a cancer which attacks the lining of the lungs, chest, and abdominal cavity, is one of the most notorious cancers in the world today. It is a fatal, incurable disease – some statistics report that 9 out of 10 mesothelioma patients will die from the disease within 3 years. Only 5% will survive more than 5 years after diagnosis.

Mesothelioma is caused by exposure to asbestos, a flexible, heat-resistant mineral fiber which was widely used and encountered in various industries, including shipbuilding, construction, and mining. Since the link between mesothelioma and asbestos was discovered, countless lawsuits have been filed by victims against the companies responsible for the exposure. New laws regulating the handling of asbestos were enacted.

Since that time, research into potential mesothelioma treatments has continued, with varying results. One of the newer therapies being investigated is known as anti-angiogenic therapy.

Angiogenesis

The term “anti-angiogenic” comes from angiogenesis, a word which means the growth and development of new blood vessels. As cancers progress, they quickly outgrow the blood supply provided to them by the body’s blood vessels, and need to grow their own system of vessels to obtain a sufficient supply of oxygen and nutrients. Without these new blood vessels, the cancer cannot continue to grow and spread.

How Anti-Angiogenic Therapy Works

Anti-angiogenic therapy is aimed at preventing cancer cells from growing new blood vessels, thereby slowing or even stopping the development of cancer. It does so by targeting the two chemicals in the body which regulate the growth of blood vessels: the basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).This latter chemical is particularly important to mesothelioma patients; tests have revealed that people with mesothelioma exhibit VEGF levels much higher than those of patients suffering from other types of cancer. These results suggest that mesothelioma may have a strong link to VEGF, and thus may be more responsive to treatments which target VEGF.

One of the experimental drugs being tested against mesothelioma is bevacizumab. This drug has also been tested for use in patients with kidney, breast, ovarian, and prostate cancers, among others. Currently, the results from a study which ended in 2005 and compared the effectiveness of bevacizumab against two chemotherapy drugs (gemcitabine and cisplatin) are being analyzed and are yet to be released.

Whether anti-angiogenic therapy is a viable treatment or cure for mesothelioma remains to be seen. While scientists struggle to find new ways to fight mesothelioma, thousands of people continue to suffer from this devastating disease.

For more information about mesothelioma and asbestos, visit http://www.mesolawsuit.com for resources provided by the mesothelioma lawyers of Williams Kherkher.

Joseph Devine

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What is a VATS Lobectomy?

According to the American Cancer Society, nearly 220,000 new cases of lung cancer (LC) were diagnosed in 2009. Nearly 160,000 people died from the disease during the same year. It is the leading cause of cancer-related death among both genders. Surgical approaches to address the condition include wedge resections, lobectomies, and pneumonectomies. The purpose of this article is to explore the manner in which lobectomies are performed. This is an operation during which a single lobe of your lung is excised.

The operation has evolved considerably over the past several decades. It used to be an invasive procedure that was accompanied by a high level of postoperative pain and a long recovery period. Today, the approach taken by a growing number of surgeons yields a much more favorable outcome.

Below, we’ll revisit traditional lobectomies and explain how they are performed. While minimally invasive techniques are preferable, some circumstances make such an approach inappropriate. We’ll also describe the basics of a VATS lobectomy and explain some of the tests involved with determining whether you are a suitable candidate. Lastly, you’ll learn what to expect while recovering in the hospital and at home.

Traditional Lobectomy Explained

Traditional lobectomies are done through thoracotomy, an open chest approach. A long incision is made by the surgeon into the side of the chest between the ribs. The entire operation is completed through this single incision. The patient’s ribs are spread apart with a retractor to give the surgical team sufficient room to access the lungs. Then, the necessary instruments are inserted into the chest cavity in order to cut away and remove the diseased lobe.

Because thoracotomy is invasive, the patient will experience a significant amount of pain following the operation. Plus, several weeks are needed to recover to the point of resuming normal activity.

Basics Of A VATS Lobectomy

Lobectomies can also be performed using video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS). This is a minimally invasive alternative to thoracotomy. Instead of making a long incision into the patient’s chest and spreading the ribs, the surgeon makes a few small incisions into both sides of the chest. Most are less than one inch.

A thin instrument called a thoracoscope is inserted through one of the incisions. It has a small light and camera affixed on its tip. As the surgeon guides the thoracoscope into the chest cavity, the camera sends images back to a video monitor. These images provide the surgeon with a clearer view of the lungs and surrounding structures than can be achieved through thoracotomy.

Additional instruments are inserted through the other small incisions to cut and extract the diseased lobe.

Determining Whether You Are A Candidate

Patients who have lung cancer that has progressed into stage II may not be suitable candidates for a VATS lobectomy. The procedure is usually reserved for those with tumors smaller than 3 centimeters. Moreover, if the cancerous cells have metastasized beyond the lungs, video-assisted thoracic surgery is typically excluded as an option. In such cases, as well as those in which the tumors are large, traditional thoracotomy is often recommended.

Recovering In The Hospital And At Home

Following the VATS lung cancer surgery, you can expect to stay in the hospital for up to four days (though some patients are released in as few as two days). During that time, the nurses and surgical team will work closely with you to help you recover. Once your doctor is convinced that your body has tolerated the procedure and is recovering well, you will be released from the hospital.

Before returning home, your doctor will provide instructions regarding how to keep the incision sites clean, types of activities to avoid, and a recommended diet. Most patients are able to return to their jobs (unless their work requires strenuous activity) within a few weeks. By the sixth week, you may be able to resume your normal routine, including strenuous activities.

VATS lobectomies are a popular approach to resolving early stage lung cancer. Speak with your doctor to determine whether this minimally invasive technique is available and appropriate for your circumstances.

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Mesothelioma Cancer Litigation

Mesothelioma, a cancer is a form of cancer often caused by excessive exposure to asbestos fibers known minerals. The materials and asbestos fibres can be very dangerous if breathed, can cause cancer mesothelioma among other health issues for the people. Area of the body affected by asbestos called the mesothelium, a protective lining that covers most of the same on the most important internal organs of the human body. Mesothelioma cancer can occur in many parts of the body but is most closely or around common areas of the lungs and abdomen.

Mesothelioma is a form of cancer in the lining of the lungs, stomach or heart. The linings are thin layers of tissue covering the body. If you worked in the field of asbestos, or living with someone, you are more likely risk of inhalation of these fibres and access to cancer and mesothelioma. In most cases, it takes many years for people to show signs of mesothelioma and cancer of the body. This can be reached sometimes appear after 30-40 years.

Due to various asbestos poisoning is very common, as is the largest and most expensive in the history of the United States. Martha of claims expected to increase in the near future, as more cases come to light.

Many large awards have been handed over to litigation mesothelioma in these cases, but in each case. For a better understanding of match any requirements, it is better to talk about one of several mesothelioma lawyers who specialize in your area that can help with specific questions on this aspect.

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Top Three Mesothelioma Treatment Options

Mesothelioma treatment options can be divided into three main options, the first one is the surgery option, the second on is the chemotherapy option and the third one is the radiation options. I should write some word on the diagnosis of mesothelioma cancer, the diagnosis is very hard due to some issues. One of these issues is the fact of the symptoms of mesothelioma take very long time to appear, the second issue is that the symptoms are similar to other non-dangerous disease.

Surgery Option: The first option for doctors to treat this type of cancer, in this method of treatment, doctors have to remove some parts from the affected tissue. These parts may be from pleura “the outer line the surrounds lungs”. In some cases, doctor may remove the left or right lung due to the spreading of the cancer.

Chemotherapy option: In this method of treatment, some kinds of drugs will be used to treat the tumors in the body, the patient can take the pills that can travel through out the bloodstream to kill the infected cells. Chemical drugs can be put into the bloodstream bu using a needle to put them directly into the systemic region where bloodstream can carry the chemicals throughout the body.

Radiation Therapy: Radiations can make some effects on the cancer cells, they can kill cancer cells when doctors drop some radiation on the affected parts. Radiations such as Gamma rays and X rays can do the treatment. There are other treatment options but I wrote on the main options to take some information about the dealing with this disease.

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The Basics of Peritoneal Mesothelioma

Mesothelioma is a very aggressive cancer that is caused by exposure to asbestos. Approximately 20 percent of cancers caused by asbestos are peritoneal mesothelioma. This form of the cancer manifests itself in the mesothelial cells of the abdomen when the asbestos fibers become embedded in the space between the cells. It can take as many as 20 to 50 years for the symptoms of peritoneal mesothelioma to appear. Over these years, the asbestos fibers irritate the parietal layer that covers the stomach cavity and they begin to produce cancer cells. Fluid builds up and tumors eventually form.

What are the Symptoms?

Symptoms of peritoneal mesothelioma are swelling and pain in the abdomen, diarrhea or constipation, unexplained weight loss, nausea and vomiting, and the appearance of lumps under the skin in the abdominal area.

How is It Treated?

Since this type of cancer is usually diagnosed very late in its development, a positive mesothelioma prognosis is not likely, and treatment options are limited. Chemotherapy and radiation are typically used to threat the cancer, along with medication to provide pain relief. For many patients, surgery is not an option because at the point of discovery, this form of asbestos cancer has already spread too far and the patient’s poor health may make him or her too weak to recover from the trauma of surgery.

How Does Exposure to Asbestos Cause Peritoneal Mesothelioma?

It is believed that there are two ways that asbestos can get into your system.

1. They can be ingested and then and consequently move through the digestive system into the peritoneal lining.

2. Asbestos fibers can be inhaled and travel to the peritoneal lining through the fluids in the lymphatic system.

Once these fibers get into the system, they become trapped and the body has no way to drive them out.

How Does Someone Get Exposed to Asbestos?

There is no test or conclusive way to find out if you have been exposed to asbestos. The only thing you can do is to review your life’s history and current living conditions to know if you’ve ever been at risk for exposure to asbestos. Here are a few of the risk factors.
Living in an area where asbestos occurs naturally is one factor. Small particles of asbestos can get airborne, making it easy for you to inhale them. You can contact the health department where you live to find out if asbestos is in the local environment. There used to be many industries that used asbestos regularly. If you ever worked in such a facility, you could have been exposed to it. It is also possible that you may have carried the asbestos fibers home to your family. Before 1978, a lot of electrical wiring was insulated with asbestos. Asbestos was also woven into clothes and gloves that were worn by those regularly exposed to heat and fire. Buildings and homes built before 1978 were frequently constructed using material with asbestos in them. Since asbestos is a good insulator, it was often used in floor and ceiling tiles, along with shingles and roofing paper. If any of these things were ever damaged, asbestos fibers could have become airborne.

Should you or a loved one be concerned about your potential to have peritoneal mesothelioma it is recommended you seek medical advice quickly.

Asbestos.Net is focused on bringing an easy to use and extremely informative website to those searching for information on asbestos and the associated diseases this deadly fiber causes, including lung cancer and mesothelioma. With our informative videos and accurate, oncologist reviewed articles, we trust you will find this to be a true resource.

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Mesothelioma Chemotherapy – 5 Commonly Asked Mesothelioma Chemotherapy Questions

Mesothelioma patients usually have some questions that they want answers for when they want to commence on Chemotherapy. These include:

1. What is chemotherapy for mesothelioma?

Chemotherapy involves one or more anti-cancer drugs taken either orally in pill form, or intravenously, or, in the case of pleural mesothelioma, injected directly into the lungs. These drugs inhibit the growth of cancerous cells, but they also damage normal healthy cells as well leading to the development of side effects.

2. What are the common side effects of mesothelioma chemotherapy?

Side effects are very common with the use of many Chemotherapy agents. The commonly seen side effects include:

o hair loss

o nausea

o vomiting

o diarrhea

o constipation

o anemia

o hemorrhaging

Chemotherapy also causes many complicated side effects within the cancerous growth. It is not uncommon in mesothelioma cases to have secondary neoplasms, which are cancerous offshoots of the original tumor that have redirected their growth due to the introduction of anti-cancer drugs.

3. What are the other risks of chemotherapy?

Furthermore, chemotherapy often increases the chances of toxic reactions in the blood, liver, and kidneys, contributing to the potential fatal nature of chemotherapy treatment. Because chemotherapy suppresses the immune system by decreasing antibodies in the bloodstream, patients undergoing chemotherapy are vulnerable to having common infections and illnesses. Other complications are mouth sores which, in combination with the overwhelming nausea and intestinal discomfort caused by chemotherapy, results in many patients failing to eat a healthy diet.

4. What can you do if chemotherapy does not work?

If you suffer from mesothelioma and chemotherapy has failed you, then you should consult with an attorney experienced in handling asbestos-related litigation. You have a right to pursue legal action to seek justice from those who wronged you. Don’t delay, for the laws in your state limit the amount of time you have to collect damages, and these statutes of limitations can end your case before it can begin. Contact a lawyer today.

5. Does chemotherapy work well on mesothelioma?

Chemotherapy does not result in a cure for mesothelioma as the cancer is usually too advanced at the time of diagnosis. Newer chemotherapy agents however are very useful in providing symptomatic relief and prolonging the life span of patients especially when used in combination with other modalities of treatment like surgery and radiotherapy.

Bello Kamorudeen. For more information on mesothelioma Chemotherapy and mesothelioma visit http://www.mesotheliomacorner.blogspot.com

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Mesothelioma and Alternative Cancer Treatments

Alternative and complimentary cancer treatment options are not seen as quackery anymore and their acceptance, even within the conventional medical community, seems to rise continuously. One of the major concerns is the fact that we still don’t have enough data to make clear assessments as to what works well and with regard to their efficacy. However, it is commonly agreed nowadays, that living a healthy lifestyle and incorporating a healthy diet can have significant positive effects in battling cancer and other serious diseases.

I have cancer. I got diagnosed with Renal Cell Carcinoma seven months after my wife was diagnosed with breast cancer. We both fondly believe that making the right decision by looking into both, traditional and alternative cancer treatments, it crucial to successfully conquer cancer. To be more specific, my wife and I had surgical procedures through which our tumors were removed. In addition to that, we adapted to a very healthy lifestyle and diet, plus we both take a selection of natural supplements. On top of that, my wife receives intravenous Vitamin C drips.

Mesothelioma has not cure. The available traditional treatments are aiming to provide the patient with a better quality of life. Alternative cancer treatments for mesothelioma can help to enhance the effects of traditional treatments. A method with increasing popularity is acupuncture. The concept of this method is simple, but the application rather complex. Through the insertion of a number of long and thin needles through the patient’s skin, nerves are triggered to get stimulated which is supposed to relieve the patient from pain. Massaging is another method that can help to increase both, the physical comfort and emotional relaxation. Also, studies suggest that patients who receive massages regularly seem to cope better with the side effects that are caused by traditional chemotherapies. Nutritional supplements and herbs are supposed to strengthen the body’s immune system and also to target the growth of cancer cells. And both, my wife and I fondly believe in that concept. But it is very important in our opinion, that you make this decision together with reputable health care professionals. You want to make sure that the supplements you take are both, effective and absolutely safe.

Another rather new approach it the Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS). The goal is to use electric impulses to stimulate the nerves in order to make the brain producing morphine like substances. This could help to cope with the pain cancer patients experience.

Lastly, there is meditation. I can only tell that it has worked quite well for me. And I don’t know anything more that just taking 5 minutes every day just for yourself, sitting their in silence and feeding myself with positive thoughts. When you have to deal with cancer, a positive attitude can make a huge difference.

In order to make an educated decision, you need to talk to qualified and specialized health care providers. They can help you to put you on a safe and effective plan to incorporate both, traditional and alternative cancer treatments for mesothelioma.

The author Tony Ulrich was diagnosed with kidney cancer in October of 2009. In his research on what his cancer could have been caused by, he came across with data that suggests a strong link to environmental toxics, such as asbestos. Please visit his Kidney Cancer and Mesothelioma Treatment Options website for more details.

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Possible Impact of Mesothelioma on Long Term Health

While it might seem that a diagnosis is the most important part of mesothelioma and handling your health, this is far from the case. The diagnosis is merely the starting point from which you need to begin treatment. And though your health might be something you consider to be priceless, it is also something which can be very expensive when it comes to managing mesothelioma. This is why those with mesothelioma seek legal restitution for their injuries. Though your initial diagnosis can be traumatic, the bills which come from your long term care can be catastrophic without the financial help you deserve from an employer.

Mesothelioma is a Cancer

As one of the rarest forms of cancer, mesothelioma is a condition which impacts not only the lungs, but the entire body as well. A cancer is a condition in which cells are damaged at the DNA level and then when they replicate, the cells are then damaged, causing pain, illness, and tumors. If the cells can be destroyed via radiation, chemotherapy, or other treatments, the cancer can be cured. But as mesothelioma tends to spread in the body before it is detected, it can be difficult to cure this cancer without using a combination of treatments, all of which may not completely remove the cancer from the body.

Radiation and Chemotherapy

In order to stop the spread of mesothelioma in the body, most doctors will prescribe radiation and chemotherapy treatments. While these can be wildly successful, they can also be very difficult to manage in some patients. As every patient is different and every cancer is different, you may find that your mesothelioma doesn’t respond to one treatment, but does respond to another – and of course that is the treatment which is not covered by your insurance policy. Each radiation and chemotherapy treatment can cost thousands of dollars and they need to be given regularly in order to provide the results you and your mesothelioma need.

Surgery and Combination Treatments

Sometimes, the only thing which can be done to help mesothelioma is to remove the tumors which are spreading in the body. This is painful, extensive, and possibly even debilitating if there are enough tumors which need to be removed. With the proper financial compensation for mesothelioma, you will be able to not only pay for the surgeries and their related costs, but you will also be able to pay for the pre- and post- care needs. You will be able to also have follow-up surgeries if the mesothelioma proves to be difficult to manage. No matter what, you will find that your hospital bills pile up, causing you stress and even anger at the cause of your mesothelioma.

When you employ a mesothelioma legal representative, they will already know what the possible costs of your mesothelioma treatments will be. Knowing this, they will be able to get the money you need from your employer or from the other person who is deemed to be responsible for your condition. Mesothelioma is a cancer which can spread through your body, but this doesn’t mean it needs to take over your financial life and future too.

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440 Louisiana, Suite 1700 Houston, TX 77002
1-888-311-5522
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Lung Cancer – Classification, Stages, Symptoms, Causes, Effects, Prevention, Detection and Treatment

Lung cancer is caused by uncontrolled rapid growth of cells in tissues. This type of cancer is most common and results in more than a million deaths every year. This form of cancer is indicated by weight loss or coughing up blood or regularly going out of breath. It can be noticed on chest radio graph also called CT Scan. The treatment that one gets depends on the stage that one is in. Treatment of cancer include surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

CLASSIFICATION

Lung cancers are classified after studying under them microscope. Classification is necessary as different type of cancer is treated differently. Large portion of lung cancer are carcinomas – malignancies that grow from epithelial cells. Lung-carcinomas are categorized into two types: non -small and small-cell lung carcinoma. Non-small cell lung carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma account for 80. 4% and 16. 8% frequency of lung cancer, respectively.

1. NON -SMALL CELL LUNG CARCINOMA

The non -small cell lung carcinomas are grouped together as their prognosis and management are same up to some extent. They are further classified into three types: squamous cell lung carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and large cell lung carcinoma. Squamous cell lung cancer originates near a central bronchus. They account for 25% of lung cancers. Adenocarcinoma starts in peripheral lung tissue. The cases of adenocarcinoma are a result of smoking. They accounts to 40% of non -small cell lung cancers.

2. SMALL CELL LUNG CARCINOMA

This type of lung cancer is rare. It is sometimes referred to as “oat cell” carcinoma. Most of the times they originate from larger airways (primary and secondary bronchi ) and from there they grow at a rapid pace. This type of lung cancer if mostly associated with smoking.

SECONDARY CANCERS

These cancers are classified on the basis of site of origin like breast cancer but has spread to the lung. Majority of the lung cancers in children are secondary.

STAGING OF LUNG CANCER

Lung cancer staging is used to asses the degree of spread of the cancer from its place of origin. It is an important factor that determines the potential treatment of lung cancer. The degree starts from 1A to 4, 1A being best prognosis and 4 being worst.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Following are the symptoms of lung cancer: 1. Voice becoming hoarse. 2. Sudden loss of weight. 3. Feeling pain in chest region or abdomen. 4. Difficulty in swallowing. 5. Loss of appetite. 6. Running out of breath. Many of the symptoms mentioned above are non -specific. By the time they notice symptoms or signs, cancer has already spread from place of origin. Very few people with this cancer have signs at time of diagnosis, these cancers are noticed on routine chest radio graph.

CAUSES

The three main causes of cancer are: carcinogens (which is found in tobacco ), viral infection and ionizing radiation. If exposed, it causes changes to DNA in tissue lining the bronchi of the lungs. With more and more tissues getting damaged, cancer develops.

1. SMOKING

Smoking is the main cause of cancer. In one cigarette, there are 60 different known types of carcinogens like radioisotopes and nitrosamine. Smoking is believed to cause 80% of these type of cases. The risk is generally less in non -smokers. The time that a person smokes proportionately increases the chances of this cancer. There has been cases that if a person stops smoking, the damaged cells gradually gets repaired. In non-smokers, passive smoking is the main causes of lung-cancer. Passive smoking is one inhaled from another person smoking.

2. RADON GAS

The gas produced from breakdown of radium. This gas is colourless and odorless. Exposure to radiation ionize the genetic material, causing mutations that sometimes turn cancerous. Exposure to radon gas is the second major cause of lung-cancer after smoking.

3. ASBESTOS

Asbestos is responsible for causing a number of cancer, one among them is lung cancer. In UK, asbestos accounts for 2 to 3% of the total cases of this cancer.

4. VIRUS

Viruses are responsible for causing lung-cancer in animals. And research has shown of similar potential in humans.

5. PARTICULATE MATTER

Particulate matter has a direct link to lung cancer cases. The size and quantity of particles in air determines the risk of getting lung-cancer. If concentration of particles increases beyond 1%, then the chances of getting this increases by 14%.

PATHOGENESIS

Just like may other cancer forms, lung cancer is started by activation of ocnogenes or inactivation of tumor suppressing genes. Ocnogenes are those genes that make people more vulnerable to cancer. Ocnogenes are produced from proto-ocnogenes, when the latter is exposed to particular carcinogens. In k-ras proto-oncogene, mutations takes place which are responsible for 10 to 30% of lung adenocarcinomas. Tumor invasion, angiogenesis, apoptosis, cell profileration are regulated by the Epidermal growth factor receptor. Mutations and amplification of EGFR are common in non -small cell lung cancer. The basis for treatment with EGFR-inhibitors are also provided by Mutation and amplification of EGFR. Chromosomal damage can lead to loss of heterozygosity which can result in inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. Damage to four of these chromosomes:3p, 5q, 13 q and 17 p are common in small cell lung-carcinoma. The p53, which is a tumor suppressor gene, located on chromosome 17p is affected in most of the cases. c-MET, NKX2-1, LKB1, PIK3A and BRAF are also mutated or amplified. Various genetic polymorphisms are supplementary to this cancer. Some of them include polymorphisms in genes coding for interleukin-1, cytochrome p450, apoptosis promoters such as caspase-8, and XRCC1, which is DNA repair molecule. People having these polymorphisms are more likely to develop lung cancer on being exposed to carcinogens. The research has revealed that MDM2 309G allele is a low-penetrant risk factor for developing this in Asians.

DIAGNOSIS

If a person has reported symptoms that might suggest cancer related to lungs, then chest radio graph is performed in the first step. The test reveals the widening of mediastinium, atelectasis and pleural effusion. Even if there are no radio graphic findings but the hint of this is high because of things like the person being heavy smoker with blood-stained sputum then CT-Scan may provide the necessary data. If findings are unnatural in cells in sputum, then they multiplies the risk of this type of cancer. Early detection can be done by Sputum cytologic examination together with other screening examinations. The differential diagnosis for those patients who show irregularities on chest cardiograph consider cancer related to lungs along with non malignant diseases. These consider infectious reasons like tuberculosis or pneumonia. The above mentioned diseases can lead to lung nodules.

PREVENTION

Prevention, just like always, is better than cure. Steps in this direction have been taken by may countries by identifying carcinogens and banning them but tobacco, which is the major cause of lung cancer, is still common. Eliminating cigarette smoking is first hand target in the prevention of lung cancer. Steps to lessen Passive smoking have also being taken by banning smoking in public places and workplaces. New Zealand has restricted smoking in open places. A similar step is also taken by Chandigarh, India. Bhutan has criminalized smoking since 2005.

SCREENING

Screening is used to detect disease by doing medical tests when the patient is not showing any symptoms. Chest radio graph or computed tomography are the tests used for screening of lung cancer. But, results have shown, that screening tests for lung cancer rarely has shown any benefit.

TREATMENT

The treatment of lung cancer can be done in following ways, depending on the stage or degree of cancer:

1. SURGERY

If doctors have detected lung cancer, then CT scan and positron emission tomography are usually applied to check if the disease is placed and surgery can be done or it has moved to the point where performing surgery is not possible. Surgery can only be performed if spirometry reveals good respiratory reserve, but if it is poor, then surgery is not possible. Even surgery has a death operative rate of 4. 4% but that is because of patient’s lung function and other factors.

2. CHEMOTHERAPY

Chemotherapy, along with radiation, is used to treat small cell lung carcinoma. Primary chemotherapy is also used in metastatic non -small cell lung carcinoma.

3. RADIOTHERAPY

Radiotherapy, with chemotherapy, is given when patient is not fit to under go surgery. This type of high intensity radiotherapy is called radical radiotherapy. CHART (continuos hyperfractioned accelerated radiotherapy ) is refined version of this technique in which a high dose of radiotherapy is given for a short period of time. When cancer affects a short section of bronchus, then brachytherapy is given.

EPIDEMOLOGY

Lung cancer is the most widely reported cancer. There are 1. 35 million cases every year and 1. 18 million deaths. Lung cancer develop among those who have a history of smoking over a long period of years i. e 50 years and above. In addition to smoking, passive smoking is also a factor that causes lung cancer. Even the emissions from factories, automobiles, power plants pose a threat to human health. Lung cancer is found to have a reciprocal effect with sunlight and UVB exposure. This is due to effect of Vitamin D, produced in skin during exposure to sunlight.

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